Background and Objective: Vaspin (visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin) was identified as a potential insulin sensitizing adipokine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of RESISTANCE training intensity and VOLUME on serum vaspin concentration and insulin RESISTANCE index.Materials and Methods: Thirty two male Wister rats (287±24 g) were randomly divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) trained with low intensity, (3) trained with moderate intensity, and (4) trained with high VOLUME in moderate intensity. The RESISTANCE training consisted of climbing a ladder carrying a load suspended from the tail. After 4 weeks RESISTANCE training, serum glucose, insulin, and vaspin concentrations were measured, and insulin RESISTANCE index (HOMA-IR) was calculated.Results: Serum vaspin concentrations were lower in trained groups compared with control group. Trained groups had lower serum insulin concentrations and insulin RESISTANCE index than control group. The lowest serum insulin concentration and insulin RESISTANCE index were found in high VOLUME in moderate intensity group.Conclusion: This study indicated that RESISTANCE training could decrease serum vaspin and insulin concentrations as well as insulin RESISTANCE index. The VOLUME of RESISTANCE training is an effective factor to improve insulin sensitivity.

2Background: Antibiotic RESISTANCE represents a critical global concern within the medical community, posing significant challenges in the treatment of infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens. Over the years, broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones have been extensively used to treat infections caused by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study, we decided to assess the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone RESISTANCE mechanisms among clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Ardabil hospitals. Methods: We analyzed a total of 200 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, collected between June 2019 and May 2023. The antibiotic RESISTANCE profiles of these strains against various fluoroquinolone antibiotics were determined using the disk diffusion method. Additionally, we investigated the presence of qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, and qnrS genes through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Furthermore, we assessed the expression levels of efflux pump genes and outer membrane porin genes using the quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in fluoroquinolone-resistant P. aeruginosa strains. Results: Our findings revealed that 69% of P. aeruginosa strains were resistant to fluoroquinolones. The RESISTANCE rates for different fluoroquinolones were as follows: ciprofloxacin 55.5%, ofloxacin 62%, norfloxacin 53.5%, lomefloxacin 55.3%, and levofloxacin 55.5%. Notably, 78.9% of these strains exhibited multidrug RESISTANCE (MDR). Among the qnr genes, qnrB was the most prevalent (2.9%). No other qnr genes were identified. Interestingly, 75% of P. aeruginosa strains carrying the qnrB gene showed overexpression of efflux pump genes, while 100% exhibited down-regulation of the oprD gene. Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant P. aeruginosa clinical isolates in Ardabil hospitals and the multifactorial nature of RESISTANCE, continuous monitoring of antibiotic RESISTANCE trends and understanding the underlying RESISTANCE mechanisms are crucial for selecting appropriate treatment strategies.

Background and Purpose: One of the most important variables affecting the effectiveness of RESISTANCE training on muscle strength and hypertrophy is training VOLUME. One of the training methods with a higher VOLUME than the traditional method is the German VOLUME method, which, of course, is more effective. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of modified German VOLUME RESISTANCE training (RT) compared to the traditional method on hypertrophy, strength and body composition of active women with a history of RT.Materials and Methods: In this study, 24 female athletes with an age range of 20 to 30 years participated voluntarily and were randomly divided into two groups: 12 individuals performed modified German VOLUME RT (the first two movements are 10 sets and the rest of the movements are 3 sets) and 12 individuals conducted traditional RT (all movements 3 sets). Subjects performed 12 weeks of RT with an intensity of 60-75% of one repetition maximum, 3 sessions per week. Before starting the exercise intervention, information about age, height, weight, body composition (muscle mass and fat percentage), hypertrophy and muscle strength were recorded and measured. Measurements were taken before the training period (48 hours before), after the sixth week of the training and finally 48 hours after the last training session.Results: The results of the study showed that both modified German VOLUME RT and traditional method caused a significant increase in the thigh and arm muscles cross-sectional area, upper body and lower body muscle strength and a significant decrease in body fat percentage (P<0.05). However, the changes in the thigh and arm muscles cross-sectional area in both groups and fat percentage in the traditional RT were not significant following 6 weeks (P>0.05). In addition, based on the analysis of variance and between groups comparisons there were no significant differences in the above variables between modified German VOLUME RT and traditional RT after 6 and 12 weeks (P>0.05).Conclusions: In general, considering similar results obtained after both training methods, appears that the German VOLUME RT has no advantages over traditional RT regarding fat percentage, cross-sectional area of the thigh and arm muscles and the muscle strength of the upper and lower body, although it had a higher training VOLUME. More studies are needed to draw more accurate conclusions in this regard.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of acute RESISTANCE exercise at different VOLUME on plasma IL-6 response in active females. 10 active female student (age=25± 50 yrs., Height= 164. 10± 3. 58, weight= 61± 125 Kg) with no RESISTANCE training experience, participated to cross-over design study. Subjects complete two acute RESISTANCE exercise sessions with different VOLUMEs (single set vs three sets), but same intensity (10RM) and rest interval between sets (2 min) with one week intervals between sessions. RESISTANCE exercise sessions included 6 full body exercises. All sets performed to repetition failure. Two hours prior to exercises, participants consumed a standardized breakfast after an overnight fast. Blood samples collected pre-and immediately post exercise, and 24 hours post exercise. Blood samples was analyzed with Eliza Method. Results show that there was not significance difference (p< 0. 05) between pre and immediately post and 24 hours post exercise in plasma IL-6 concentrations. Also, there was no significance difference (p< 0. 05) between two groups in plasma IL-6 concentrations. This result indicated that Acute RESISTANCE exercise with moderate intensities can't change plasma IL-6 levels in active subjects. Also, VOLUME of RESISTANCE exercise (single set & three sets) had no effect on plasma IL-6 levels in active female subject.